Ancient Nalanda University's Convocation Rituals Revealed by Historians
When President Droupadi Murmu awarded degrees to scholars at the modern Nalanda University convocation on Tuesday, historians highlighted that the original Nalanda University, which thrived from the 5th to 13th centuries, also conducted 'dikshant' samaroh or convocation ceremonies, albeit in a markedly different and profound manner.
Scholarly Events Marking Rigorous Academic Completion
Jayadeo Mishra, former head of the ancient Indian history and archaeology department at Patna University, explained that convocations in ancient Indian universities such as Nalanda and Vikramshila were momentous scholarly events. These ceremonies celebrated the completion of rigorous studies and were characterized by formal debates, the conferment of titles based on merit, and the painting of portraits of top graduates.
These events recognized the proficiency of scholars in diverse subjects including philosophy, logic, and medicine, Mishra emphasized. He added that graduating students often had to participate in or lead high-level intellectual debates before an audience of scholars, masters, and sometimes visiting royalty or foreign dignitaries.
International Gatherings and Symbolic Rituals
Convocations at Nalanda were notable for bringing together scholars from across Asia, including China, Tibet, and Korea, often in the presence of thousands of observers. The focus was on acknowledging the mastery of knowledge (Vidya) and the wisdom gained rather than merely awarding a certificate, Mishra stated.
Shiv Kumar Mishra, former official of the Bihar Research Society, provided insights into smaller monastic learning centers, often considered precursors to large universities. In these settings, the 'Samavartan' ceremony marked the completion of studies and the students' return from the teacher's home.
- The ceremony often included a ritual bath symbolizing purification and the completion of learning.
- Exceptional students had their portraits painted on the university walls, displaying their accomplishments to the wider community.
Titles and Honors Based on Scholarly Performance
Upendra Jha, a researcher at Kameshwar Singh Darbhanga Sanskrit University, noted that Vikramshila University honored outstanding students with specific titles based on their performance in scholarly debates. These titles included:
- 'Pandit'
- 'Mahapandit'
- 'Upadhayay'
- 'Mahamahopadhyaya'
This system underscored the emphasis on intellectual rigor and merit in ancient Indian higher education, contrasting with modern practices while highlighting a rich academic heritage that continues to inspire contemporary institutions.
