President Droupadi Murmu's Address to Parliament: Unpacking Constitutional and Historical Dimensions
In a significant parliamentary event, President Droupadi Murmu delivered her address to the joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament on January 28, 2026, marking the commencement of the Budget Session 2026-27. This address, a constitutional tradition, outlined the Union government's vision for social justice, inclusive growth, and a developed India. However, recent incidents involving Governors in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka have sparked discussions, making it crucial to understand the underlying constitutional provisions and historical background.
Constitutional Provisions for Presidential and Governor Addresses
The Constitution of India meticulously outlines the roles and responsibilities of the President and Governors in addressing legislative bodies. Article 87 specifies two special occasions when the President must address a joint sitting of Parliament. Firstly, at the opening session following a general election, and secondly, at the first sitting of Parliament each year. This address serves as a formal declaration of the government's agenda, including proposed legislation and financial plans.
At the state level, Article 176 mirrors this framework, requiring the Governor to address the Legislative Assembly at the commencement of the first session after each general election and at the beginning of every year. Article 176(2) further mandates that the House allocate time to discuss this address, facilitating a broad debate on governance issues.
Key Takeaways from Constitutional Mandates
- The President or Governor cannot refuse to perform this constitutional duty, though deviations from the government-prepared text are possible, albeit rare for the President.
- Following the President's address, a motion of thanks is moved in both Houses, allowing MPs to debate and the Prime Minister to respond, with amendments possible to express disagreement.
- The Governor's address is not a matter of personal discretion; without it, a legislature cannot legally commence its session, as established by judicial rulings.
Judicial Interpretations and Historical Background
Courts have consistently upheld the mandatory nature of the Governor's address. In a landmark 1952 case, the Orissa High Court ruled that the Legislature does not legally assemble until the Governor declares the causes of its summons. Similarly, in 1965, the Calcutta High Court affirmed that interruptions in delivery do not invalidate proceedings, emphasizing substance over form.
Historically, the practice traces back to the Government of India Act of 1919, which granted the Governor-General the right to address the Legislative Assembly and Council of State. Post-independence, President Rajendra Prasad delivered the first address under the Constitution on January 31, 1950. The Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951 refined this by limiting addresses to the first session of each year and after general elections, as explained by B.R. Ambedkar to remove uncertainties.
Recent Context and Broader Implications
Recent events have highlighted tensions, such as Tamil Nadu Governor R.N. Ravi skipping his address and Karnataka Governor Thawar Chand Gehlot walking out after reading only a few lines. These incidents underscore the importance of adhering to constitutional norms while navigating political dynamics.
In her 2026-27 address, President Murmu emphasized economic reforms, national security, women's empowerment, and India's role as a global stabilizer, referencing initiatives like Operation Sindoor and Namo Drone Didi. This speech, rich in cultural references, sets the tone for upcoming state elections and policy directions.
Conclusion and UPSC Relevance
Understanding these constitutional provisions is vital for UPSC aspirants, as questions often revolve around Articles 87 and 176, historical amendments, and judicial interpretations. The interplay between ceremonial duties and practical governance continues to shape India's parliamentary democracy, making this topic a cornerstone of polity studies.
