In a landmark move, Canada has officially implemented a sweeping reform of its citizenship-by-descent rules, bringing an end to years of legal uncertainty for thousands of families worldwide. The change, which is particularly significant for the large Indian diaspora in Canada, rectifies a long-criticized policy that had created a generation of 'lost Canadians.'
What Changed: The End of the First-Generation Limit
The core of the reform is the elimination of the controversial 'first-generation limit' introduced in 2009. This rule had prevented a Canadian citizen born abroad from automatically passing citizenship to their child if that child was also born outside Canada. The federal government announced that Bill C-3, which amends the Citizenship Act, became law on December 15, 2025.
This legislative shift follows a pivotal December 2023 ruling by the Ontario Superior Court of Justice, which declared key parts of the old Citizenship Act unconstitutional. The Canadian government, acknowledging the law created 'unacceptable outcomes,' chose not to appeal the decision, paving the way for the current reform.
A Clear Pathway for Past and Future Generations
The new framework operates on two critical fronts: redress for the past and clarity for the future.
For the Past: Individuals born before December 15, 2025, who would have been Canadian citizens if not for the old limits, can now apply for citizenship. This provision directly addresses the plight of the 'lost Canadians' who were unjustly excluded.
For the Future: A clear, forward-looking rule is now established. A Canadian parent born or adopted abroad can pass citizenship to their child born outside Canada, provided they can demonstrate a genuine connection to Canada. Specifically, at the time of the child's birth or adoption, the parent must have spent at least three cumulative years physically present in Canada.
Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) states this approach 'supports fairness and clarity for Canadian families abroad while reinforcing the principle that real, demonstrated ties to Canada guide citizenship by descent.'
Major Impact on Indian-Origin and Transnational Families
For the vast Indian-origin community in Canada, many of whom maintain vibrant transnational lives connecting Canada and India, this reform is a monumental relief. It restores citizenship rights to children who were previously denied and provides a stable legal framework for planning families.
Announcing the law, Immigration Minister Lena Metlege Diab emphasized that the amendments reflect modern realities. 'The reform strengthens the bond between Canadians at home and abroad while reaffirming the value of Canadian citizenship,' she said.
The changes are anticipated to trigger a significant surge in citizenship applications. Families who had been living in legal limbo, awaiting this clarity, are now expected to come forward to secure their status, finally closing a difficult chapter for many.
